🎯 Microscopy

TARGETS

1. Cells, organelles (e.g., mitochondria and chloroplasts) and all major metabolic pathways evolved from early prokaryotic cells.

Define endosymbiotic theory with respect to mitochondria and chloroplasts.
􏰀 State at least two characteristics that all living cells share (e.g., membrane, DNA, and metabolism).

􏰀 Describe the evidence that supports the theory that mitochondria evolved from bacteria.
􏰀 Describe the evidence that supports the theory that chloroplasts evolved from cyanobacteria.
􏰀 Explain why glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the tricarboxylic (Krebs) cycle are so highly conserved in living cells (e.g., 12 essential precursors and energy).

6. The structure and function of microorganisms have been revealed by the use of microscopy (including bright field, phase contrast, fluorescent, and electron).

􏰀 List three different bacterial cell morphologies.
􏰀 Identify microbial structures from a given image.
􏰀 Describe how the cell structure of Gram-negative and Gram-positive cells leads to a given Gram stain result.

􏰀 Explain how bright-field microscopy works and why specimens must be stained.
􏰀 Explain how phase-contrast microscopy works and why specimens do not need to be stained.
􏰀 Decide on the correct type of microscopy and sample preparation for a given situation.
􏰀 Explain how magnification and resolution are controlled in a microscope.
􏰀 State the advantages and disadvantages of using bright-field, phase-contrast, dark-field, fluorescence, confocal scanning laser, transmission electron, and scanning electron microscopy for a given situation.